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Medicare Basics

Parts A, B, C, D — explained without the jargon.

4 articles
What's the difference between Part A, B, C, and D?
Part A covers hospital stays. Part B covers doctor visits and outpatient care. Together those two are called Original Medicare. Part C is Medicare Advantage — a private plan that bundles A and B (and usually D) into one package, often with extras like dental or vision. Part D is prescription drug coverage. If you stay on Original Medicare, you'd add a separate Part D plan. Most people pick either: Original Medicare + Medigap + Part D, OR a Medicare Advantage plan that includes drugs.
When am I eligible for Medicare?
Most people become eligible the month they turn 65. If you've worked enough quarters (or your spouse has), you pay $0 for Part A. Part B has a standard monthly premium — $203.90 in 2026 for most people. You can also become eligible before 65 through disability (after 24 months on SSDI), ALS, or end-stage renal disease.
I'm 65 but still working — do I need to sign up for Medicare?
Depends on your employer's plan. If your employer has 20+ employees and you have credible coverage through them, you can delay Part B without penalty until you retire (you'd then have an 8-month Special Enrollment Period). Most people do enroll in Part A at 65 because it's usually free. Always sit down with someone before assuming — penalties for missing Part B enrollment are permanent.
What's a Medigap policy? Is that the same as Medicare Advantage?
No — they're different products and you can only have one or the other. Medigap (also called Medicare Supplement) sits on top of Original Medicare and pays the gaps Medicare doesn't (deductibles, copays, coinsurance). Medicare Advantage REPLACES Original Medicare with a private all-in-one plan. Medigap usually has a higher premium but lower out-of-pocket. Advantage usually has a lower premium but defined networks and copays.

Enrollment Windows

When can you sign up, switch, or change plans?

5 articles
What is the Initial Enrollment Period (IEP)?
Your IEP is a 7-month window: 3 months before your 65th birthday month, the month itself, and 3 months after. If you sign up in the 3 months BEFORE your birthday month, coverage starts the first of your birthday month. If you sign up later in the window, coverage starts up to 3 months after enrollment. Best practice: start the conversation 6 months out so you're never under pressure.
What is the Annual Enrollment Period (AEP)?
AEP runs October 15 to December 7 every year. During AEP, you can switch Medicare Advantage plans, join or drop a Part D plan, or move between Original Medicare and Advantage. Coverage changes take effect January 1. This is when you should review whether your current plan still fits — formularies change, networks change, premiums change.
What's the Medicare Advantage Open Enrollment Period (OEP)?
January 1 to March 31. If you're already on Medicare Advantage and the plan you picked during AEP isn't working out, you get ONE chance to switch to a different MA plan or go back to Original Medicare (and pick up a Part D plan if needed). This window isn't for people on Original Medicare — it's a do-over for MA enrollees only.
What is a Special Enrollment Period (SEP)?
Life events that let you sign up or switch outside the normal windows. Common SEPs: moving out of your plan's service area, losing employer coverage, qualifying for Extra Help/LIS, your plan leaving Medicare, or getting a new chronic condition diagnosis (for some plans). Most SEPs give you 2 months to act. If you think one applies to you, call before you wait.
Is there a penalty for signing up late?
Yes — and it's permanent. The Part B penalty is 10% of the standard premium for every 12-month period you could have had Part B but didn't. The Part D penalty is 1% of the national base premium for every month you went without creditable drug coverage. Both are added to your monthly premium for the rest of your life. This is the single biggest reason to talk to someone BEFORE your IEP closes.

Costs & Premiums

What you actually pay — and why.

4 articles
What does Medicare actually cost in 2026?
Part A: $0 for most people (if you worked 10+ years). Part B: $203.90/month standard premium, higher if your income is above $109K single / $218K married (IRMAA). Part D plans range $0–$70+ depending on the plan and your drugs. Medicare Advantage plans can be $0/month premium (many in Tennessee are). Medigap plans typically run $120–$250+/month depending on plan letter and your age.
What is IRMAA? Why is my Part B premium higher than my friend's?
IRMAA stands for Income-Related Monthly Adjustment Amount. If your modified adjusted gross income from 2 years ago was above $109K (single) or $218K (married filing jointly), you pay a higher Part B premium AND a higher Part D premium. There are five income tiers. If a one-time event drove your income up (selling a house, retiring), you can request a reconsideration — I can help walk you through Form SSA-44.
What's the 'donut hole' in Part D?
Good news: it's gone. The old coverage gap — where you paid 25% of drug costs after an initial limit — was eliminated in 2025 by the Inflation Reduction Act. Now your out-of-pocket for covered Part D drugs is simply capped each year (the cap started at $2,000 in 2025 and adjusts annually). Once you hit the cap, covered prescriptions cost you nothing for the rest of the year.
I'm on a tight budget. Is there help with Part D costs?
Yes — Extra Help (also called LIS, Low-Income Subsidy). If your income is below ~$23K single / ~$31K married and your assets are modest, you may pay $0 in Part D premiums, no deductible, and just $4–$11 per prescription. Many people who qualify don't know they do. Call me — we can run the application together.

Switching & Claims

Changing plans, appealing denials, and understanding your coverage options.

4 articles
My claim was denied. What do I do?

First, call me. Don't rush to pay the bill until we understand exactly why the claim was denied — but don't ignore the bill, the notice, or any deadlines listed on it.

We'll review your Explanation of Benefits, Medicare Summary Notice, or denial letter and determine whether the issue involves incorrect billing, a coding error, prior authorization, the provider network, medical necessity, or a coverage exclusion.

Most denials include instructions for filing an appeal. The deadline depends on your type of coverage and will be listed on the denial notice. I'll help you understand the decision, gather the supporting documentation, and work through the next steps.

Can I switch Medicare Advantage plans in the middle of the year?

Sometimes — but being within your first year does not automatically let you switch freely between Medicare Advantage plans at any time.

Most people can change Medicare Advantage plans during:

  • The Annual Enrollment Period, October 15 through December 7.
  • The Medicare Advantage Open Enrollment Period, January 1 through March 31, if you are already enrolled in a Medicare Advantage plan.
  • A Special Enrollment Period created by a qualifying event, such as moving, losing other coverage, or becoming eligible for certain assistance programs.

There are also narrower protections for some first-time Medicare Advantage enrollees. If you joined Medicare Advantage when you first became eligible for Medicare at 65, you may have a 12-month trial right that lets you leave the plan and return to Original Medicare.

New Medicare enrollees may also have a limited opportunity during their first three months of Part A and Part B to change Medicare Advantage plans or return to Original Medicare.

The exact rule depends on when and how you enrolled, so call me before making a change. We'll confirm your eligibility and make sure your doctors, your prescriptions, and your likely out-of-pocket costs are all considered before anything gets submitted.

Can I go from Medicare Advantage back to Original Medicare?

Yes. You can generally return to Original Medicare during the Annual Enrollment Period, the Medicare Advantage Open Enrollment Period, or a Special Enrollment Period you qualify for.

You may also be able to return during your first 12 months if one of Medicare's trial-right protections applies:

  • You joined Medicare Advantage when you first became eligible for Medicare at 65, and within that first year you decide you want to go back to Original Medicare.
  • You dropped a Medigap policy to try Medicare Advantage for the first time, and within 12 months you decide you want to switch back.

The real issue is Medigap eligibility. Outside a protected enrollment or guaranteed-issue period, a Medigap company may use medical underwriting, charge you more, or decline your application, depending on your state and your circumstances.

When one of those trial rights applies, it may also carry a limited guaranteed-issue right to buy a Medigap policy. That protection is often what decides whether the move makes sense at all.

Do not cancel your Medicare Advantage coverage until we have confirmed your enrollment window, your prescription coverage, and your Medigap options. The order and the timing of these changes matter.

My doctor stopped accepting my plan. What now?

This happens, and the right answer depends on your medical needs and on when the provider left the network.

We'll first confirm whether the doctor is truly out of network, and whether the plan offers any continuity-of-care protection for treatment already underway. From there we look at two paths:

  1. Find a comparable in-network doctor and confirm the new provider is accepting patients.
  2. Determine whether the network change, or another circumstance, gives you a Special Enrollment Period or another way to change coverage.

If the doctor is a critical specialist — an oncologist or a surgeon managing ongoing treatment — contact me as soon as you get the notice. Don't wait until your next appointment to start reviewing options.

Working With Me

What to expect, what to bring, what it costs.

4 articles
What happens on the first call with you?
30 minutes, no pressure. I ask about your situation — when you're 65, who your doctors are, what medications you take, what your concerns are, what you've heard. I don't ask for your Social Security number, your bank info, or anything sensitive. The first call is about understanding what you need.
What should I have ready before we talk?
Your zip code. A list of your prescriptions (names and dosages). The names of your primary care doctor and any specialists. Your Medicare card if you have one. That's it. No tax returns, no bank statements, no SSN — not for our first conversation.
Do we meet in person or by phone?
Your call. I do kitchen-table meetings across East Tennessee, video calls on Microsoft Teams, or phone calls — whichever you prefer. Most enrollment paperwork can be done remotely. For Medicare Advantage and Part D, CMS requires me to have a specific Scope of Appointment signed before we discuss plans, but that's just a one-page form.
What happens after I'm enrolled?
I'm still your guy. When your card arrives, I'll call to walk through it. When a bill shows up you don't understand, you call me — not the 800 number. When AEP rolls around each fall, I check in to see if anything's changed. Doctor changes, new prescriptions, new diagnoses — I want to know. The relationship doesn't end at enrollment.

Family & Caregivers

Helping a parent or spouse through this.

3 articles
I'm trying to help my parent with their Medicare. What do I do?
Call me. Bring them on the line. We can set up a 3-way call or a Teams meeting where you're both on. I always want the senior themselves involved in the decision when possible — but I understand the realities of caregiving. If they have a Power of Attorney for healthcare or finances, bring that. We can also set you up as an authorized representative on the file so I can talk to you directly going forward.
Do I need a Power of Attorney to make Medicare decisions for my parent?
Not strictly — Medicare lets you be designated as an 'authorized representative' with a simple form (CMS-1696). That lets you talk to Medicare and to plans on their behalf. A Power of Attorney is broader and gives more authority for healthcare and finances. If your parent is still able to consent, the simple form is faster. If they're not, the POA matters. We'll work with what you have.
My parent lives in another state. Can you still help?
I'm licensed in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. If your parent is in a state I'm not licensed in, call anyway — I'll either be able to help directly or refer you to someone I trust in their state. I don't pass families off lightly.
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“If your question takes ten minutes to answer, that’s ten minutes I’m glad to spend. Better you ask now than wait six months and end up in the wrong plan.”

— John F. Morrison
The Plain-English Glossary

Every acronym, decoded.

The words you’ll hear from carriers, doctors’ offices, and pharmacy techs — written like a person would say them.

Income-Related Adjustment

IRMAA

An extra amount added to your Part B and Part D premiums if your income is above the threshold ($109K single / $218K married in 2026). Calculated from your tax return 2 years prior.

Max Out-of-Pocket

MOOP

The most you'll pay in a year for in-network services on a Medicare Advantage plan. After you hit it, the plan pays 100% of covered services for the rest of the year.

Coverage Gap

Donut Hole

The old Part D coverage gap, eliminated in 2025. In its place: an annual out-of-pocket cap on covered drugs ($2,000 when introduced in 2025, adjusted each year). Hit the cap and covered prescriptions are $0 the rest of the year.

Medicare Supplement

Medigap

A private insurance policy that pays the gaps Original Medicare leaves behind (deductibles, copays, coinsurance). Lettered plans (A through N) are standardized — same coverage from any carrier.

Plan Drug List

Formulary

The list of prescription drugs a Part D or Medicare Advantage plan covers. Each drug is placed in a tier that determines what you pay. Formularies change every January 1.

Extra Help

LIS

Low-Income Subsidy — a federal program that helps pay Part D premiums, deductibles, and copays for people with limited income and resources. Most prescriptions become $4–$11.

Annual Enrollment

AEP

October 15 to December 7 each year. The main window when anyone on Medicare can join, drop, or switch Medicare Advantage and Part D plans. Changes take effect January 1.

Special Enrollment Period

SEP

A window outside the normal enrollment periods triggered by a qualifying life event — moving, losing other coverage, qualifying for Extra Help, your plan leaving the area, etc.

CMS Plan Quality

Star Ratings

1-to-5 ratings CMS assigns each Medicare Advantage and Part D plan annually based on quality and member experience. Higher stars mean better historical performance.

Plan Network Type

HMO vs PPO

HMO plans require you to use in-network providers (and usually a referral for specialists). PPO plans let you see out-of-network providers, usually at a higher cost. PPOs cost more but offer more flexibility.

Explanation of Benefits

EOB

A statement (not a bill) showing what was billed, what the plan paid, what the discount was, and what you may owe. Always check these against actual bills before paying.

COB

Coordination of Benefits

The process of determining which insurance pays first when you have more than one (Medicare + employer, Medicare + Tricare, etc.). Wrong COB info is a top cause of incorrect billing.

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